Physical Child Abuse

Abstract Pressure on matters concerning child negligence and abuse causes great changes on subject pertaining childcare. Globally, there is great legal protection for unsympathetic cruelty by caregivers such as lack of proper provision of basic needs. Today, administrative support against child abuse and negligence is highly supported.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Physical Child Abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the issue continues to be of great controversy especially the obvious link towards outcome during adulthood. The problems associated with child abuse concerns its continual illegal and silent practice in addition to the effects caused on or by victims especially much later in their subsistence. Introduction Child abuse refers to behaviour originating from exerted force thus causing an imbalance of power. Good examples of the disparity include the adult-child relationshi ps, older and younger siblings’ interactions and the adolescent to child involvement (Crosson, 2007). Abuse causes unwilling participation in various activities unwillingly such as sexually related behaviours. Usually the child is unaware of the abuse due to the naà ¯ve state of mind or innocence. In most instances, the child is not in a position to understand the state of affairs. This paper is an analysis of the effect of physical child abuse on an adult victim as well as its implication to future societal growth. The research also presents an analysis of dominant arguments and theories for the act at certain circumstances in relation to lifestyle. Types of Abuse According to Dube et al., (2001) â€Å"Child abuse and neglect consists of any act of commission or omission that results in harm, is potential for harm, or a threat of harm to a child, even if harm was unintentional.† There are various types of child abuse classified under emotional, physical, sexual and c hild neglect. In line with Dube et al (2001), abused children generally suffer from lack of care, love and safety. Physical abuse such as beating mainly causes body harm and often leads to emotional or psychological effects such as low self esteem or introversion (Dube et al, 2001). Physical child abuse Physical abuse involves actions that cause bodily injuries on the child. These external injuries are either intentional or unintentional but with an aim of taming certain behaviour or discipline the child through physical attacks or punishments.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Types of physical abuse The most common type of physical abuse experienced by victims is corporal punishment, slapping and pinching. Physically abusive guardians justify their actions by insisting on the need to teach and emphasize discipline. They call for attention to parenting by the â€Å"spare the rod, spoil the child’ rule, but end up physically abusing instead of correcting behaviours. The main aim of disciplining is to teach the right from wrong and not instil fear and other severe emotional effects through dictatorship. One of the major elements evident in physically abused children especially as adults is unpredictability. According to Bromfield (2010), unlike the physical form of disciplining, the child is not aware of what is inappropriate according to parental guidance. Such victims live in anxiety over possibility of committing a wrong act. They are worried of engaging in a behaviour that may trigger an offence. Secondly, abuse causes a child to agonize in anger. The intensity of abuse depends on the parent’s anger. Lastly, the abuser focuses on the need to instil behaviours through fear. The severe punishments in the aim of instilling discipline are thus physical abuse. As a result, the child learns ways of avoiding the parental abuse other than acqui re good behaviours and mature as a disciplined individual through understanding. Signs of Physical Abuse There are some obvious physical signs of childhood molestation or abuse such as walking, sitting and playing difficulties due to incurred injuries. In severe cases, these injuries may cause disabilities. The abused victim gives the impression of strain during such common activities. Constant pains and physical irritation are also common long-term physical effects. Different bruises and scars marks on the victim’s body depending on the types of subjected abuse. Effects of Physical Abuse Adult victims of child abuse more prone to chronic pain and other physical health-related illness compared to the general population. Abused adult survivors of have chronic medical problems such as blood pressure, liver and heart related illnesses. In line with research carried out by Miller and Perrin (2007), abuse and neglect has major impact on the immune system thus causing higher propen sity of engaging risky behaviours, during later life spans such as drugs abuse or unprotected sexual engagements. Chronic pain disorders are also present in adulthood. Physical abuse causes violent or criminal responses. The mistreatment and neglect makes a child to form cohesive dissociate from the family and high possibility of engaging physical abuse latter in life. â€Å"Children learn various activities and they might interpret physical abuse or domestic violence as appropriate methods of resolving conflicts and responding to stressful situations (Miller and Perrin, 2007).†Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Physical Child Abuse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This causes them to acquire and involve in criminal activities during their adulthood. In other extreme instances, abuse causes disabilities. Abuse Intervention There are various measures of intervening to prevent maltreatment and neglec t such as social support therapies or counselling sessions for those suffering from neurologically or psychologically. These cares are more efficient methods of promoting resilience especially when early abuse cases detection and mediation occurs. Conclusion Most behaviour-related problems are associable with victims of child. There are various future behavioural consequences associable with abuse such as delinquency, poor academic achievements, early pregnancy, ‘don’t-care’ attitudes, drug abuse, mental related health disorders and childhood mortality. Physical abuse also lowers the social-economic status and thus high chances of neglect or abuse due to frustrations. There are very high possibilities that abusive parent were victims of childhood neglect or abuse. Those who face abuse or neglect during childhood are likely to eventually victimize others or subject their own children to similar circumstances. This is like a system life cycle among victims. Referen ces Bromfield L. (February, 2010). Cumulative harm: the effects of chronic child maltreatment. Presentation to the Tasmanian Magistrates Conference, Hobart. Print. Crosson, C. (2007). Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect. (7th Edition). Allyn Bacon Publisher. Print.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D., Williamson, D. F., Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 3089-3096. Miller, C., Perrin, R. (2007). Child maltreatment: an introduction. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Print This research paper on Physical Child Abuse was written and submitted by user Ivanna T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People

The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People Stephen R Covey’s book â€Å"The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People ®, which remains an international bestseller, has been in bookshelves for well over 15 years now and its relevance and practicability in today’s society cannot be watered down by the element of time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reading through the book, the reader is swept in different emotions upon the realization of the myriad of truths contained therein. Stephen reaches out to the reader by drawing comparisons between his view of life and real-life situations. Indeed, the book is embedded by various anecdotes that drive the point home while grasping the reader’s attention. The book begins with a brief preface by the author on the dynamics of character ethics over personality ethics. According to him, the personality ethic has been too over emphasized and attempts to offer what he terms as â€Å"Aspirin-like† solutions, or quick fix solutions (Covey 8). He draws parallels with the principle that for one to harvest then he must so and consequently, effectiveness and success in life can only be inculcated into an individual through the steady development of a strong character ethic (Covey 10). The tone in the book is positive while cautious that being positive is not enough for one to achieve effectiveness. He thus calls for a paradigm shift (Adapted from Thomas Kuhn’s book) from focus on a circle of concern to a circle of influence. Covey as cited in (Covey 21) defines a circle of influence as a positive view of the world that has developed from a good character ethic that involves an individual looking for solutions from within and taking responsibility rather than apportioning blame to factors which one cannot change (circle of concern). He calls this the inside-out approach. One is indeed drawn into Cov ey’s description of an effective life through development of good habits brought by leading a goal oriented and disciplined life. He states the production (P) and productive capability (PC) theory where he suggests that for success to be achieved, we should focus on production and not the production capability (Covey 26). The book is a must read for all for its lessons are truly informative and life-changing.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview The book has four parts; the Preface, Private Victory, Public Victory and Renewal. The preface introduces Covey’s focus on character ethics Vis a Vis personality ethics. He explains the demerits of the latter while praising the former as good grounds for the development of a successful of effective life. He reiterates the importance of maturity, hard work and discipline as the key points towards a strong c haracter ethic. The Preface also highlights the various situations that people find themselves in and prescribes the book as a good foundation towards their solution. According to Covey, private victories refer to a situation where the individual has discovered himself/ herself and recognizes their independent will and power to change their lives. He calls upon individuals to be proactive and be resourceful while learning how to take initiative over their lives. Covey then draws a parallel between persons who focus on the negative side of life and terms then as reactionaries with persons who instead focus on issues within their control and attempt to make something out of them (Covey 34). Public victories have much to do with others. Covey cited in (Covey 95) calls for interdependence, communication and understanding among people so as to create synergistic gains in their lives. He advocates for listening, empathy and patience in one’s dealings with others and suggests that i ndividuals should only focus on a win-win situation where all parties mutually benefit. In Part 4 of the book, Covey states that the individual needs to nourish himself in a holistic manner; physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually. This he suggests enables the individual to realize synergy both intrinsic and extrinsic. What the book promises According to Covey cited in (Covey 30), the book will enable an individual have a deep knowledge of themselves. It then will create a desire for change in the individual to focus more on a value-based and goal oriented life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It would instil in an individual a sense of identity, direction integrity and control over their lives thus making them successful and effective people. Finally, the book promises to heal and rebuild broken relationships by offering time-tes ted solutions to conflict. Private Victory As stated earlier, private victories refer to success or effectiveness at an individual level and focuses on what an individual can do to improve effectiveness. Be Proactive Covey begins this part by stating that self awareness is a quality that enables an individual to evaluate their actions and learn whether he/she is going in the right direction (Covey 32). He states that certain deterministic factors exist that affect our self esteem such as genetic, psychological and environmental factors which much have to do on the impact family and friends have on an individual’s self esteem. Being proactive means that an individual takes initiative and admits that they bear responsibility over their own lives independent of the so-called deterministic factors. He differentiates between being proactive and being reactive. He states that an individual can rise above stimulus and response unlike in animals thus preventing the person from having his/her life being determined by other people’s actions (Covey 32). Covey cited in (Covey 36) states that individuals should be resourceful and always ensure that they are in active control of their lives. He states that for one to be effective, one has to subordinate feelings for value which means that emotions should be suppressed to prevent the individual from going of their course. He also states that one should focus more on the circle of influence rather than that of concern while at the same time expanding the former through establishing the root causes of conflict and problems and solving them (Covey 39). Habit 1 is a good guide for individuals in daily life and its value cannot be supplanted. The need for people to take initiative in their own lives is intrinsic to problem solving and development of working relationships. However, Covey oversimplifies the issue of love by stating it as a â€Å"verb† and not an emotion thus asking for people to suppress  "love† emotions (Covey 38).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies on the issue of love and even logic itself teach that the issue of love is much more complex and not a mere â€Å"verb†. Also, Covey does not show us how being proactive is a character ethic and not a personality issue. Nevertheless, habit 1 is practical and definitely a catalyst for effectiveness. Begin with the end in mind Covey cited in (Covey 46) starts this section by asking the reader to consider their death and draw from it, the legacy they would want to leave behind and begin to practice it in their daily lives. He states that the power of individuals to imagine can be a powerful tool for effectiveness where the person creates first in his mind then applies the creative imagination into real life. He states that mental creativity is superior to physical since a physical creation without a mental picture would be unsuccessful. Leadership is described here as directing efforts in the right place and is differentiated from management which is doing things in the right manner. Covey calls upon people to harness leadership by establishing where the effort is needed and to proceed to apply it. In business he likens leadership to acts like monitoring environmental change and customer buying habits and to ensure focus on them (Covey 48). He advises the reader to draft a personal mission statement from where he/she can refer to as a guide whenever a question of principle arises. He further states that the principles stated therein should be at the centre of the individual’s circle of influence which enables him/her to prioritize on those matters that are of real importance. He refers to them as matters in the second quadrant and are mainly issues based on value that act as a guide, security and power to the individual (Covey 60). Covey cited in (Covey 65) introduces the ‘brain-dominance’ theory where he states that we should strive to use the right side of the brain which is the perceptive and intuitive part more often. He sta tes that a balanced use of the whole brain gives rise to an effective individual. Roles and goals are then to be considered as part of the focus on the end result. The application suggestions stated under this habit are very helpful as they direct the individual to adopt concise goals and to remain focused in their endeavour to be successful or effective. However, the use of the brain-dominance test is more of personality than character and therefore Covey tends to stray from the initial topic which is to emphasize a strong character ethic. Put first things first Under this habit, Covey cited in (Covey 75) discusses certain aspects of goal setting and the sustenance of a good character ethic. He advises that the individual should practice self management, discipline, time management and goal setting. He states that time management need not be time based but results based since the former tends to bring in an element of routine and eliminates spontaneity which is a crucial part of li fe. According to Covey (Covey 77) the reader should endeavour to be oriented towards creating opportunities rather than being problem minded. He states that the focus on problems derails an individual’s effectiveness and prevents him from meeting set goals. The ability to say ‘no’ is also stated as a necessary part in the prioritizing of an individual’s needs (Covey 78). He adds that scheduling, day planning and delegation where possible all enable an individual to move from problem solving to opportunity utilization (Covey 82). Covey calls for steward delegation where the individual to whom the work is delegated is left to his own means to produce a result rather than gofer delegation where instructions are issued (Covey 86). He states that this is applicable to both the family and organizational setting. The habit attempts to bring focus into an individual’s discipline in meeting set goals and targets. Though it is more oriented towards organizati onal behaviour it can in some sense apply to relationships among family and friends. However, Covey does not suggest anything newer than the already available information on goal setting and priorities. Nevertheless, this does not signify that the need to put first things first is not important for effectiveness. Public Victory Think win-win Covey as cited in (Covey 93) begins this part by putting across an excellent theory of an emotional bank account. This account just like a bank account, involves deposits where an individual does good and positive acts towards others that enable him/her win their trust. Likewise, withdrawals are made from every demand or negative thing an individual does against the same people. He thus calls upon character that creates more deposits than withdrawals by suggesting that individuals understand others, pay attention even to little things, clarify other people’s expectations of them, show personal integrity and apologize when in the wrong. Fr om the above, Covey states that in any dealing, an individual should strive to produce a win-win situation which is palatable to both parties (Covey 103). Win-win situations differ from win-lose situations where competition produces a single winner while the others lose, lose-win situations (Covey 104) where one concedes defeat in order to achieve popularity or any other ulterior motive, lose-lose situations (Covey 105) where individuals prefer that no-one wins and win (Covey 106) situations where an individual doesn’t care about others’ predicaments. Covey cited in (Covey 109) states that to achieve a win-win situation, one should have integrity, maturity and an abundance mentality (where one believes that everyone can benefit). He advises that where a win-win situation is not applicable, it is better to have no deal (Covey 114). This habit is a good idea but its practicability is somewhat questionable. A win-win or no-deal situation is not always likely to produce po sitive results especially where one rejects a good deal because it is not win-win. Its application may be construed in a business sense as naive and may place the organization in a precarious situation. Seek first to understand then to be understood Empathetic communication is emphasized where one places himself in the situation of another so as to understand their point of view (Covey 121). It is differentiated from sympathy which usually does not yield understanding (Covey 122). Covey cited in (Covey 129) emphasizes that individuals develop good communication skills that involve listening, perception and consideration. He introduces the Greek method of ethos, pathos and logos where one establishes trust, empathizes then introduces logic as a means of negotiation and persuasion (Covey 130). This habit is also crucial to effectiveness and Covey hits the nail on the head on its importance and practicability. Communication is also vital not only in organizations but also in personal r elationships and good communication is nourishment for one’s relationships. However, Covey adapts the same overly positive thinking tone he rejects in the preface of the book. Positive thought does not always lead to positive reactions and Covey fails to capture situations where people prefer straightforwardness without involvement of emotion especially in business. Synergize Covey cited in (Covey 134) emphasizes on the importance of individuals working as one to produce positive results. Synergistic gains arise from creative cooperation and respectful communication. He states that though a conflict may arise where there are only two possible results, a third alternative exists and if followed through would generate synergy (Covey 139). Covey calls for the valuing of individual differences as a strength (Covey 142). The force field analysis refers to a situation of balance where an individual is held back by negative forces (Covey 143). Synergy from cooperation helps to break these forces. However good synergy may be effective, Covey again chooses to be overly positive and does not appreciate situations where no synergy can be created e.g. where one party is already biased or is malicious. Synergy would require both parties to be positive minded and while one can be, the other might not be and this is outside one’s circle of influence. Renewal Sharpen the saw To achieve effectiveness, the author suggests that we have to sharpen the saw which involves keeping ourselves in the right state of health and mind for us to meet the set goals and values in our mission statements (Covey 147). Covey states that the individual needs to maintain good spiritual, physical, mental and social/emotional balance. Such balance can be achieved through activities such as healthy eating, exercise, meditation, good music, reading, writing and ‘scripting’ others (Covey 148-155). The author also advocates for learning and committing oneself to positive activi ties while facilitating a paradigm shift or transition in their lives (Covey 162). This is all good for one to remain focussed and to be highly effective. However, the emphasis on the spiritual part and God may leave out people with different views on religion. Conclusion This book attempts to give the reader a good foothold in all areas of life. It is a holistic book and clearly Stephen Covey did set a high standard for other writers to follow in terms of universal appeal and simplistic truths. It is a good guide book and as the author himself suggests, should be read occasionally with the application parts being put into good use. The book may contain some inherent weaknesses as stipulated in my analysis; they are wide apart and mildly insignificant to the overall effect or message of the book. I would recommend the book as a must read for any individual who feels that they need direction and focus in life. Covey, Stephen. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful les sons in Personal Change. Franklin Covey Co, 1989. Print

Compound Prepositional Phrases in Spanish

Compound Prepositional Phrases in Spanish Prepositions are handy words for showing the relationship among the various words in a sentence. But with something like only two dozen prepositions available, youre limited if you stick to simple prepositions to indicate the connection that a noun or pronoun might have with another word. Fortunately, both Spanish and English have a wide range of prepositional phrases, also known as compound prepositions, that function in much the same way as simple prepositions Using Compound Prepositions An example of compound preposition can be seen in a sentence such as Roberto fue al mercado en lugar de Pablo (Robert went to the market instead of Paul). Although en lugar de is made up of three words, it functions much the same as one word and has a distinct prepositional meaning as a phrase. In other words, like single-word prepositions, prepositional phrases show the connection between the noun (or pronoun) that follows and other words in the sentence. (Although you could probably figure out what en lugar de means by translating the individual words, that isnt true of all prepositional phrases.) The list below shows some of the most common phrases that function as prepositions. Prepositions can also be used in phrases that are used as adverbs, as explained in our lesson on adverbial phrases. As you can see in the examples following this section, not all Spanish prepositional phrases are best translated as prepositional phrases in English. abajo de - underneatha bordo de - aboarda cambio de - in exchange or trade fora cargo de - in charge ofa causa de - because ofacerca de - about, concerningadems de - besides, in addition to, as well asadentro de - insidea disposicià ³n de - at the disposal ofa excepcià ³n de - with the exception of, except fora falta de - due to the lack of, in the absence ofa fin de - with the goal or intent of, in order toafuera de - outsidea fuerza de - by means ofal contrario de - contrary toal estilo de - in the style of, in the manner ofal frente de - at the forefront ofal lado de - next toalrededor de - aroundantes de - before (in time, not location)a pesar de - in spite ofa prueba de - roughly equivalent to the English suffix -proofa punto de - on the verge ofa travà ©s de - through, acrossbajo condicià ³n de que - on the condition thatcerca de - nearcon rumbo a - in the direction ofde acuerdo con - in agreement withdebajo de - underneath, underdelante de - i n front ofdentro de - withindespuà ©s de - after detrs de - behind, afteren caso de - in case ofencima de - on top ofen contra de - againsten forma de - in the shape ofenfrente de - oppositeen lugar de - instead of, in the place ofen medio de - in the middle ofen vez de - instead ofen và ­as de - on the way tofuera de - except forfrente a - opposite, towardslejos de - far frompor causa de - because ofpor razà ³n de - because of Samples Sentences Using Compound Prepositions Las complicaciones despuà ©s de la cirugà ­a de cataratas pueden incluir visià ³n opaca o borrosa. (Complications after cataract surgery can include dull or blurry vision.) A pesar de todo, digo sà ­ a la vida. (Despite everything, I am saying yes to life.) Vea nuestra coleccià ³n de cmaras compactas a prueba de agua. (See our collection of compact waterproof cameras.) La ciudad grande est a punto de un desastre ambiental. (The large city is on the verge of an environmental disaster.) No busques ms hoteles cerca de este. (Dont look for more hotels near this one.)  ¿Por quà © los gatos duermen encima de sus humanos? (Why do cats sleep on top of their humans?) Muchas cosas cambiaron por causa de mi error. (Many things changed because of my mistake.) Key Takeaways Compound prepositions in both English and Spanish are phrases that function in the same way as single-word prepositions.Meanings of compound prepositions cant always be determined by the meanings of the individual words.

Situation 1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Situation 1 - Coursework Example Lugar was inspired by the personal experience he got when helping out his mom with her garage sale. Prior work experience might also contribute in Lugar’s idea. Through his experience with other garage sales in the area, Lugar believed that he had the capability to offer new services to people regarding garage sales. Lugar’s start up idea is worth trying. The fact that Lugar has good pricing insights and is ready to use advertising to make his business feasible and successful gives him an upper hand in the area. Using pricing strategies for the garage sales idea is an important service differentiation method that can offer superior performance and thus, competitive advantage in the market. Wise pricing will help customers happy because they will maximize their profits and risk of not selling the garage items. Lugar’s pricing strategy might help ensure customer loyalty thus make the concept successful. However, before developing the concept into a business plan Lugar needs to conduct a feasibility analysis to assess the probability of the business becoming successful (Longenecker, Petty, Hoy, & Palich,

Process Architectural Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Process Architectural Design - Essay Example The essay discusses that the fire and security monitoring system is meant to manage, and to monitor the fire security alarms in a building. In order to best understand how this system works, it is only prudent to define its design both in terms of the software and the hardware components that it is made up of; we have to know how the systems components relate to each other and functions of every component involved in the working of the whole system that is controlled from the central point of security monitoring. When designing the system, we assumed that the system acts in real time and does not respond on false alarms. A large building requires an automated alarm system to monitor and control all fire and security alarms within the building. The building is sub-divided into zones, and a given number of alarms are associated with each zone. Alert for a central manned control area is provided by the alarm. This centre may may respond personally or pass these on to the emergency servi ces. Automated alarm system helps recognizing the risk and allows quick response. Fire and security alarm systems are often active to ensure that whenever there is a fire, the presence of the fire is immediately established and reported through the interactions of the software and hardware components of the whole system. The software components of the system work to manage the various different hardware components, which are associated with the alarm, which is installed to notify the necessary authorities to go to the attention of the fire and put it off. In modern equipped facilities, and in modern buildings, fire alarm and security systems are always associated with the whole security systems of the buildings. These systems work in tandem with them most of the time (Robinson 2009). This interaction is necessary to ensure that catastrophes do not happen; or in any case, they do happen, they can be attended to in due time. When a fire starts in such a building, one of the hardware c omponents detects it through one way or another as will be discussed later on in this document. The component coordinates with another component in the system to notify or to activate something or an action of the surveillance system and even the security system. In a typical fire and security alarm system, components are installed in such a way that they are according to the specifications of the devices and make it easy to access them when the need arises (Robinson 2009). The hardware components that have to be in a fire alarm and security system include: 1. The control system – this is the central component of the entire fire alarm system. It is known as the fire alarm central. This component allows for the precise programming of the manner in which the other individual components behave, hence the behavior of the entire system can also be programmed. This makes sure that notification come in at the precise time and accurately as possible in case of an event. The fire alar m central has points of input; with which it receives signals from the devices that initiate notifications, as well as points of exit; that it uses to activate alarm systems. 2. The initiating and the alarm devices – the initiating devices can be automatic as smoke/fire detectors or can alternatively be manually actuated to notify the central. 3. The power supply and the cabling – it is critical to have a very reliable power supply for a fire and security system so that it remains on at all times. Power back up systems must be installed just in case the main power systems fail. The signal cables are the ones that make the connection and links between each and

Learning of A Second Language Essays -- Teaching Education Foreign Lan

Learning of A Second Language Ever since God punished the people who wanted to build the Tower of Babel with the â€Å"confusion of tongues† in the time of old testament, people around the world have faced the problem of communication. When giving out a historical overview of second-language teaching in â€Å"Second-Language Acquisition in Childhood,† McLaughlin stated: As early as the third millennium B.C., in what was probably the world’s first great civilization, the Sumerians had scribed devoted exclusively to education. When the country was conquered by the Akkadians in the last quarter of the third millennium, these scribes complied the oldest known bilingual dictionaries. Long continuous passages were translated from Sumerian into Akkadian, line by line. (McLaughlin 2) It was since then that people started exploring the arts of language. For years, people have been arguing about the most appropriate methods to teach a second language (L2). One question that teachers encounter in the classroom is the use of the learners’ native language (L1). While a group of people think that teaching of the target language should involve no L1, another group of people consider L1 as a help to L2 teaching. Throughout the years, L2 teachers around the world have been analyzing the data they gathered for years along with their personal experiences to find out which approach of L2 teaching works best for teachers themselves. Those who are in favor of the Grammar-Translation method believe that L1 holds great significance in L2 teaching and learning. They teach grammar rules in the mother tongue of the learners as a basis of instruction. Methods such as the Natural Approach , the Silent Way , Total Physical Response , Audio-Lingual Method , and the Direct Method emphasize different concepts of language teaching and learning but followers of these methods all avoid L1 in the classroom. As the debate goes on, it is crucial for all the L2 teachers to first ponder on the goal of language teaching and then to decide what role they want L1 to play in their L2 classroom. For a L2 learner who lives in an environment where the target language is not used on a daily basis, such as English taught in Taiwan, exposure to L2 helps accomplish the goal of language learning, which is to communicate. The use of L1 in L2 classrooms is primarily based on the Grammar-Translatio... ...eelings with others. Taking reality and ideal both into consideration, no one should go to extremes in the debate of the use of L1 or L2. However, if we clarify the goal we want to reach in the L2 classroom, the decision should not be too hard to make. Since school-aged students usually cannot choose what to learn or how they would like to be taught at school, no matter how tough a reality they need to deal with, the teachers should always keep the ultimate goal of teaching and learning in mind so that the students will not be deprived of the opportunity to true learning. They should always know by hearts that when they are with the students in the classroom, they are introducing a concept of communication to the students; they are focusing on the communicative competence of the students. Moreover, they also bear the responsibility to acquaint their students with a healthier learning attitude towards language learning, which is to be able to communicate with people who speak the language they are learning. If all of these notions come first in language teaching and learning, the teachers will realize that it is worth t rying to use L2 in their L2 classrooms to fulfill the goal.

Relativistic Theory of Ethics Essay

One relativistic theory of ethics is situationism. Situationism (also known as situation ethics) was devised by Joseph Fletcher, who was strongly against absolutist theories for instance; legalism and also disliked how religions were taught implying there were some rules that could never be broken, as he thought these rules are too demanding and restrictive. He then created this theory of situation ethics which is seen as the ‘mid way’ because it lies between antinomianism and legalism. Antinomianism is very anti law whilst legalism emphasises the important of law. However, situationism lies between the two as Fletcher was very enthused by making a decision on individual situations. Situation ethics maintains that it’s the consequences of actions which determine whether an action is right or wrong, so it is very much a consequentialist position. Situationists enter each decision making situation with ethical maxims of their community and culture, each they treat with respect. Fletcher proposed that not only the situation guides an individual on what they should do but also the principle of agape (love). In Fletcher’s book he suggests that Christians should make the right choices without blindly following rules but rather by thinking for themselves. Decisions should be made on the sole basis of one rule – agape. Such love involves doing the best thing possible for the other party involved. So maxims could be ignored if they don’t serve agape, for example if a priest is presented by a young lady who is having underage promiscuous sex, the right thing to do would be to insist the young lady uses contraception. This is because the most loving thing to do for the other person is to ensure she is safe. For the situationist the rule of agape is always right. Fletcher created 4 working principles which outlined how situation ethics works. The first one is pragmatism, which states that what you propose must work in practice. Second is relativism, so Fletcher eliminates words like ‘always’, ‘never’, and ‘absolute’. He states there are no objective rules but all decisions must be relative to agape. Thirdly is positivism, which states a value judgement needs to be made, giving the first place to love. Finally – personalism, people are put in first place; morality is personal and not centred on laws, this emphasises the idea that morality is relative to situations. Fletcher put forward 6 propositions which also aid the theory. The first proposition is â€Å"only one thing is intrinsically good; namely love; nothing else at all† Thus, only love is good in itself; action aren’t intrinsically good or evil. Instead they are good or evil dependent on whether they promote the most loving result. Fletcher rejects any statements like â€Å"Adultery is wrong† as the circumstances are always different, and sometimes it may be right for adultery to take place. The second proposition is â€Å"the ruling norm of Christian decision is love, nothing else† Fletcher claims Jesus replaced the Torah with love, also the Ten Commandments are not absolute even Jesus broke them when love demanded it. Love replaces law. The third proposition is that justice will follow from love, because ‘justice is love distributed’. If love is put into practice it can only result in justice. Fourth is that love has no favourites and does not give whom we like preferential treatment. â€Å"Love wills the neighbour’s whether we like him or not† The fifth fundamental principle, love must be the final end, not a means to an end. For Fletcher, the end must be the most loving result. Finally the sixth proposition is that the most loving thing to do will depend on the situation and since situations differ, you can’t say an action will be right in every situation. Fletcher, the good result is that which serves agape love best. Any action that leads to that end is right.